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An '''ability modifier''' is the bonus or penalty associated with a particular [[ability]] score. Ability modifiers apply to die rolls for [[character]] actions involving the corresponding abilities -- such as [[attack roll]]s, [[saving throw]]s and [[skill]]s. The modifier is also used with some numbers that aren't die rolls. A positive modifier is called a bonus, and a negative modifier is called a penalty.

The modifier is equal to +1 for every 2 points above 10 in that [[ability score]] (or -1 for every 2 full points below 11). For example, [[constitution]] 14 provides +2 [[hit point]]s per level.

In addition, '''ability scores''' determine the number of bonus [[spell]]s for spellcasters. The ability that spells relate to depends on the type of spellcaster:
* '''[[Intelligence]]''' for [[wizard]]s
* '''[[Wisdom]]''' for [[cleric]]s, [[druid]]s, [[paladin]]s, [[ranger]]s, and [[spirit shaman]]s
* '''[[Charisma]]''' for [[sorcerer]]s, [[bard]]s, and [[favored soul]]s.
In addition to having a high '''ability score''', a spellcaster must be of sufficient level in order to gain any bonus spells for a given level. Spellcasters must also have a 10 or higher in the appropriate ability score in order to cast any spells.

==Ability Modifier and Bonus Spells==

=== Modifier Table===
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center"
|-style="font-weight:bold"
|rowspan="2"|Ability Score
|rowspan="2"|Modifier/ 1.5x Modifier''*''
|colspan="10"|Bonus Spells (by Spell Level)
|-style="font-weight:bold"
|0
|1
|2
|3
|4
|5
|6
|7
|8
|9
|-
|1
| -5/-5
|colspan="10"|Can't cast spells tied to this ability
|-
|2-3
| -4/-4
|colspan="10"|Can't cast spells tied to this ability
|-
|4-5
| -3/-3
|colspan="10"|Can't cast spells tied to this ability
|-
|6-7
| -2/-2
|colspan="10"|Can't cast spells tied to this ability
|-
|8-9
| -1/-1
|colspan="10"|Can't cast spells tied to this ability
|-
|10-11
|0/0
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|12-13
| +1/+1
| -
|1
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|14-15
| +2/+3
| -
|1
|1
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|16-17
| +3/+4
| -
|1
|1
|1
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|18-19
| +4/+6
| -
|1
|1
|1
|1
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|20-21
| +5/+7
| -
|2
|1
|1
|1
|1
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
|22-23
| +6/+9
| -
|2
|2
|1
|1
|1
|1
| -
| -
| -
|-
|24-25
| +7/+10
| -
|2
|2
|2
|1
|1
|1
|1
| -
| -
|-
|26-27
| +8/+12
| -
|2
|2
|2
|2
|1
|1
|1
|1
| -
|-
|28-29
| +9/+13
| -
|3
|2
|2
|2
|2
|1
|1
|1
|1
|-
|30-31
| +10/+15
| -
|3
|3
|2
|2
|2
|2
|1
|1
|1
|-
|32-33
| +11/+16
| -
|3
|3
|3
|2
|2
|2
|2
|1
|1
|-
|34-35
| +12/+18
| -
|3
|3
|3
|3
|2
|2
|2
|2
|1
|-
|36-37
| +13/+19
| -
|4
|3
|3
|3
|3
|2
|2
|2
|2
|-
|38-39
| +14/+21
| -
|4
|4
|3
|3
|3
|3
|2
|2
|2
|-
|40-41
| +15/+22
| -
|4
|4
|4
|3
|3
|3
|3
|2
|2
|-
|42-43
| +16/+24
| -
|4
|4
|4
|4
|3
|3
|3
|3
|2
|-
|44-45
| +17/+25
| -
|5
|4
|4
|4
|4
|3
|3
|3
|3
|-
|46-47
| +18/+27
| -
|5
|5
|4
|4
|4
|4
|3
|3
|3
|-
|48-49
| +19/+28
| -
|5
|5
|5
|4
|4
|4
|4
|3
|3
|-
|50
| +20/+30
| -
|5
|5
|5
|5
|4
|4
|4
|4
|3
|}
''*'' Usually the strength based damage modifier when wielding a weapon two-handed or the combined bonus when dual-wielding. See also [[Combat Insight]].

===Formula===
bonus = (ability – (spellLevel + 1) * 2) / 8
*Division is rounded down, to 0 minimum.
*0-level spells receive no bonuses.
*If ''ability ''is less than 10+spellLevel, no spells of that level can be cast.
*''Ability'' should be 0 or greater.
*''SpellLevel'' should be between 1 and 9.

modifier = ability / 2 – 5
modifier = (ability – 10) / 2
*Division is rounded down.
*''Ability'' should be 0 or greater.

==See also==
*[[Ability score loss]]
*[[Ability damage]]
*[[Ability cap]]
[[Category:Abilities| ]]
[[Category:Character attributes]]

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